Comment fonctionnent les airbags

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L'airbag déployé à l'intérieur des restes d'une Enzo Ferrari. Voir plus de photos de sécurité automobile. Michael Tullberg / Getty Images

Pendant des années, la ceinture de sécurité fiable a fourni la seule forme de retenue passive dans nos voitures. Il y a eu des débats sur leur sécurité, notamment en ce qui concerne les enfants, mais au fil du temps, une grande partie du pays a adopté des lois sur la ceinture de sécurité obligatoire. Les statistiques ont montré que l'utilisation des ceintures de sécurité a sauvé des milliers de vies qui auraient pu être perdues dans des collisions.

Tout comme les ceintures de sécurité, le concept de l'airbag - un oreiller moelleux contre lequel se poser en cas de collision - existe depuis de nombreuses années. Le premier brevet sur un dispositif d'atterrissage gonflable pour avions a été déposé pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Dans les années 1980, les premiers airbags commerciaux sont apparus dans les automobiles.

Depuis l'année modèle 1998, toutes les voitures neuves vendues aux États-Unis doivent être équipées de coussins gonflables du côté conducteur et du côté passager. (Les camions légers sont tombés sous le coup de la règle en 1999.) À ce jour, les statistiques montrent que les airbags réduisent le risque de mourir dans une collision frontale directe d'environ 30 pour cent. Viennent ensuite les airbags latéraux montés sur les sièges et sur les portières. Aujourd'hui, certaines voitures vont bien au-delà du double airbags pour avoir six ou même huit airbags. Ayant évoqué une partie de la même controverse qui a entouré l'utilisation de la ceinture de sécurité dans ses premières années, les coussins gonflables font l'objet de recherches et de tests sérieux du gouvernement et de l'industrie..

Dans cet article, vous découvrirez la science derrière l'airbag, comment fonctionne l'appareil, quels sont ses problèmes et où va la technologie..

Lois du mouvement

Avant d'examiner les détails, passons en revue nos connaissances sur le lois du mouvement. Premièrement, nous savons que les objets en mouvement ont élan (le produit de la masse et de la vitesse d'un objet). À moins qu'un extérieur Obliger agit sur un objet, l'objet continuera à se déplacer à sa vitesse et sa direction actuelles. Les voitures se composent de plusieurs objets, y compris le véhicule lui-même, des objets en vrac dans la voiture et, bien sûr, des passagers. Si ces objets ne sont pas retenus, ils continueront à se déplacer quelle que soit la vitesse à laquelle la voiture roule, même si la voiture est arrêtée par une collision..

Arrêter l'élan d'un objet nécessite une action de force sur une période de temps. Lorsqu'une voiture s'écrase, la force nécessaire pour arrêter un objet est très grande car l'élan de la voiture a changé instantanément alors que les passagers ne l'ont pas fait - il n'y a pas beaucoup de temps pour travailler. Le but de tout système de retenue supplémentaire est d'aider à arrêter le passager tout en lui faisant le moins de dégâts possible..

Ce qu'un airbag veut faire, c'est ralentir la vitesse du passager à zéro avec peu ou pas de dommages. Les contraintes auxquelles il doit fonctionner sont énormes. L'airbag a l'espace entre le passager et le volant ou le tableau de bord et une fraction de seconde pour travailler avec. Cependant, même cette infime quantité d'espace et de temps est précieuse si le système peut ralentir le passager de manière égale plutôt que de forcer un arrêt brusque de son mouvement..

Dans la section suivante, nous examinerons les pièces d'un airbag et verrons comment il se gonfle.




27.07.24 07:43
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Dwayneabery ([email protected])
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PatrickGen ([email protected])
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